The Cold War And The World War II - 872 Words

During the World War II through the present, the Cold War and the Globalization impacted a lot both positive and negative sides for the national world. The Cold War was a remarkable time for not only Germany and Globalization was a big shift for the world. From that, people defined Cold War as a division and Globalization as integration. So why do people define two events like that? The Cold War was simile as a division, especially when it came to Germany. As we all know, Germany was divided into four occupation zones postwar: Berlin itself, the USSR divided E. Germany into more four small zones. USSR, US, Britain and France controlled their own zones. The most highlighted event that made Cold Was as a division was Berlin Wall. The Berlin Wall erected in 1961 in order to divide West and East Berlin permanently. According to the article John F. Kenedy â€Å"Ich bin ein Berliner†, the wall was twelve-foot-high and stretched for a hundred miles. It prevented anyone from crossing into West Berlin and thus to freedom. The article also showed the umber of people would be killed trying to pass over or dig under the Berlin Wall: two hundred people. It was a huge number. Under that time, there were a lot of families being separated like husband worked in the East and the rest of his family lived in the West. That was one of many reasons why people try to pass over the wall because they just want to be with their families and their beloved people. In the speech of John F. Kenedy, heShow MoreRelatedWorld War II And The Cold War902 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluenced by some form of ideas and ideologies, or the desire for power, wealth, and land. The events that lead up to and occurred during World War II and the Cold War have been affected by both influences. Throughout both events, the strongest influence both events faced was the desire for land, power and wealth. World War II was a major conflict that affected the world, leaving behind several casualties, broken cities, and death. Under Adolf Hitler’s control, Nazi Germany sought to conquer and controlRead MoreWorld War II : The Cold War978 Words   |  4 PagesAfter World War II came to a stop in the mid-20th century, a new rivalry began known as the Cold War. This battle sorrowed the world’s two great powers the democratic, capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union against each other. Beginning in the late 1950s, space would become another tense stage for this competition, as each side wanted to prove the superiority of its technology, its military firepower and by extension its political-economic system. There were a lot that led up priorRead MoreThe World War II And The Cold War1199 Words   |  5 Pagesfollow the end of World War II. The imperialism they discussed was one of political and commercial influence as a way to control territories, instead of the colonial method. The colonial empires remained devastated following the events of World War II and, the dawn of Stalin and Churchill’s new imperialism would spark the Cold War between the economically powerful United States and the politically frightening Soviet Union. This post World War II Imperialism divided the world into three positionsRead MoreThe Cold War On World War II1264 Words   |  6 PagesFrom numerous points of view, the Cold War started even before the weapons fell quiet in Germany and in the Pacific in 1945. Suspicion and doubt had characterized U.S. - Soviet relations for a considerable length of time and reemerged when the cooperation against Adolf Hitler who was chancellor of Germany during World Wa r 2, was no more. The belief system and dreams of the after war world anticipated U.S. president Harry S Truman and Soviet Dictator Joseph Stalin from cooperating. Stalin expectedRead MoreWorld War II : The Cold War1087 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War II was devastating to all powers involved, but especially to the countries of Europe who had a war raging in their backyard. After the war ended, the world was a disaster, with economic and political policies destroyed. However, the tension that encompassed the world did not pass with the ending of the war; instead, it grew under the surface, strengthening animosity between countries with differing views, particularly the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United StatesRead MoreWorld War II And The Cold War916 Words   |  4 PagesOn a cold March morning on the 5th of 1953 Stalin lay in his bed surrounded by his personal doctors the great uncle Joe Stalin had been laid to rest euthanized by his doctors. He had grown up a member of the communist party more so a member as a means to power then a true believer in the doctrine. He would soon see this position put him in charge of th e entirety of the newly named USSR (United Soviet Socialts Republic). He would steer the country through the horrors of World War II and he would consolidateRead MoreThe World War II And The Cold War1247 Words   |  5 Pagesof providing for the nation while at war. Although war’s affect may touch upon many aspects of life not only in America but any nation at war, blurred lines take the place of division between the civilian and military and economics. Private and public economics blend together, partly due to the massive spending dedicated to weapons and warfare, biological and traditional. The groundwork for this blended infrastructure was laid before World War II and the Cold War; conversely, there are more roadblocksRead MoreWorld War II : The Cold War962 Words   |  4 PagesSoon after World War II ended in the mid-20th century, a new rivalry started known as the Cold War. This battle aroused enmity between the world’s two great powers the democratic, capitalis t United States and the communist Soviet Union. In the late 1950s, space became center stage for this competition, as each side left no stone unturned to prove the superiority of its technology, military firepower and political-economic system. There was a lot that led up to the space race. The United States cameRead MoreThe World War II : The Cold War2518 Words   |  11 Pagesmostly due to World War II. America and the Soviets were both excellent examples of terrible relationships. They both started in World War II fighting alongside together. This entire time the Communism presented by the Soviets frightened America. America’s worries were mainly because of the tyrannical leadership by Joseph Stalin. Finally, the Cold War began after Soviet continued to expand and the US became more worried. There were very high tensions leading up to the Cold War and during. ThereRead MoreWorld War II : The Cold War882 Words   |  4 PagesAs a result of World War II, Germany was divided between the four most triumphant allies. The United States, France, and Britain shared West Germany. On the other hand, East Germany was occupied by the communist Soviet Union. In the center of the Soviet side, these four countries sp lit the city of Berlin as well. The French, British, and Americans contained the west zone of Berlin, while the Soviets contained the east of Berlin, in the same manner that they had split the entire country. As soon

The Impact Of Mobile Technology On Education - 1773 Words

In recent years, educators and students have seen an increase in the usability and functionality of mobile technology for learning. Mobile learning is the use of any mobile platform, such as a smartphone, tablet, etc., to facilitate education of a specific subject in order to increase a student’s knowledge. The use of mobile technology to assist in learning is something that is continuing to develop and grow in popularity, and therefore, a major topic for discussion and analysis. Researchers from across the globe are studying the impact that mobile devices are having on the learning environment. Advancements in this field provide the opportunity for all people to access a learning platform and gain knowledge in subjects of interest. These developments also affect universities specifically by allowing the staff, students, and faculty to adapt to the ever-changing social and economic environment, while continuing to provide a quality education. This paper analyzes the impa ct mobile learning is having on education by addressing the definition and evolution of mobile learning, the key components of mobile learning, and finally, the future of mobile learning and the methods that can be utilized to integrate this technology into the education environment. Mobile Systems An Analysis of Mobile Technology in Education The use of mobile technology to learn is an outstanding alternative to the standard practiced education method used across the globe. One of the chief benefitsShow MoreRelatedMobile Phones, Technology and Their Impact on Relationships, Social Movements and Education1228 Words   |  5 PagesMobile Phones, Technology and their Impact on Relationships, Social Movements and Education Mobile phones and technology have come a long way over the years, people’s lives have become more demanding and they rely more and more on technology, it has had a big impact on our everyday life: our relationships, social movements and education. The mobile phone has become one the most widespread and popular pieces of technology of the past few decades. ‘Worldwide there are now over 1.7 billion cell phoneRead MoreMobile Computing And The Creation Of The Internet1416 Words   |  6 Pages Mobile computing, a term that didn’t come around till sometime between the 1960s and 1970s, is the use of the internet and computer based applications on the go. It is using your phone to search something online, using your tablet to make changes to a PowerPoint before you go into your meeting, and sharing multimedia online through your social media. There have been many leaps within the technological world that has brought society to where it is today. From the creation of the cell phone to theRead MoreHuman Thirst for Mobile Communication in a World of Increasing Social Segregation1167 Words   |  5 Pagesthirst for mobile communication in a world of increasing social segregation    Unlike most technologies, the mobile phone has taken the world by storm. There was a time when it was assumed that only the rich people were those who can afford mobile phones. It is most likely still true, however there is another thought needed for the modern world. People today, wealthy and those even considered poor, have the latest mobile phones. Everyone seems to own not one but even two or three mobile phones atRead MoreMobile Devices Today1271 Words   |  5 PagesMobile devices have become a necessity in today’s world, and in today’s world no one can live without it, whether he is a businessman or a school going kid. It has made the world accessible and communication convenience, all at the touch of a button. There were days when the telephones, cell phones were only used to talk to one another and listen to each other now there is a small change one can even look at the person he is talking to while listening him these changes and advancements in technologyRe ad MoreTechnology And Society : Impact Of Technology On Society1511 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Technology has impacted people, businesses and society as a whole. The roles that technology has played on communication, business and education have been more than impactful. As the power of computers continue to increase with help from databases, social networking and businesses, it adds an increase to office productivity compared to using typewriters, and filing cabinets. Although there are plenty of good things about technology, the way we use it determines if it impacts are positiveRead MoreImplications Of Mobile Computing882 Words   |  4 PagesThe shift in the technology has forced humans to use and become part of this ever-changing information technology. Since the evolution of technology, there has been a constant demand for new advancements and one of the biggest outcomes is Mobile computing. The impact of mobile computing on the average person and in various industries is immense. Many business enterprises are planning to implement and integrate the concept of mobile co mputing into their operations. Some of them are successful whileRead MoreWhat Role Do Mobile Phones Play in Society? 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Why the study is being conducted: Mobile technology has become ubiquitous making it the ideal platform to promote healthy lifestyles. The Performance Triad is a comprehensive plan that focuses on promoting better sleep, activity, and nutrition habits. The Performance Triad addressesRead MoreThe Impact of Mobile Computing928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of Mobile Computing Diana Phillips INF 103: Computer Literacy Instructor: Melody White September 15, 2014 Mobile computing has infiltrated every area of our planet and personal lives. We have become so dependent upon our mobile devices they are often referred to as our third limb. Regardless of race, color, creed or location, mobile technology has shrunk the entire world into the palm of our hands. Mobile technology has made research, communication with our friends and familyRead MoreImpact of Technologies on Teenagers1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Technologies on Teenagers An Assignment Submitted by Name of Student Name of Establishment Class XXXX, Section XXXX, Spring 2013 Nowadays, information technologies play a significant role in the modern world. Information technologies have a long history. Some technologies were created a few years ago, while some technologies are comparatively new. Technologies have penetrated all spheres of human activities: education, politics, trade, medicine, and this list can

Capital budgeting and CAPM/ CML

Question: Discuss about the Capital budgeting and CAPM/ CML. Answer: Introduction: Corporation is comprised of complex set of activities in which various functions are performed. Sensitivity and scenario analysis play very pivotal role in business decision making. It is related with use of critical financial tools, assumptions, forecasting and analysis of available data in sophisticated approach. Ideally corporate decision making is related with purchasing plans and machinery, opting investment proposals (Merger and amalgamation), entering into contract with other parties, developing new ventures, diversification of business and choosing certain projects (Hornstein, 2013). Capital budgeting refers to the process by which a business determines or evaluates whether to take on a certain project. This analysis involves identifying the available resources (Cash outflow) a business wants to deploy in its business functioning and the amount of money (Cash inflow) a project will generate. In the business functioning due to scarcity of resources it is required to manage resources efficiently. It involves use of various financial tools e.g. net present value, internal rate of return, profitability index etc. However, this budgeting plan and its effectiveness could be enhanced with the use of sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis in certain manner. Management of company at the time of selecting project has to analysis and compares its positive and negative outcomes. Sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis provides relative assumptions and relative data in context with the changing factors of the market. It helps organizations to prepare back up plan in ca se of worst condition and productive plans in case of best conditions of the market (Tian Jiang, 2015). Sensitivity analysis It is an analysis which helps a business forecast what will happen to the project opted if estimates and assumption taken turn out to be unreliable and variable. It is accompanied with the activities which involves adapting assumptions or estimation in certain manner as per the required situation. It prepares organization to develop an effective business plan which could handle all the type of risk arises in different economic circumstances. However, this analysis is useful to prepare managers and other investors in case of opted project dose not generate expected cash. It helps in determining better analyzing the project before making an investment plan (Crestaux, et., al., 2009). Scenario analysis It is designed or prepared to see the result of an action under different factors. It assists in preparing an effective capital budgeting plan to evaluate how investments NPV would differ in different factors e.g. high and low inflation, worst case, best case or other factors as may be changed. (Seitzinger, et., al., 2010). A prepared scenario analysis should be feasible to identify the different set of outcomes in different plans. In capital budgeting it is used to analyzing possible different future events by considering alternative possible outcomes. Use of both analyses in capital budgeting technique Both analyses are used to handle the uncertainty in capital budgeting plan prepared by financial manager of the company. Sensitivity analysis provides analysis of effects of changes in sales, costs, initial investment, and interest on loan and present value factors. According to Drury NPV of the organization should be calculated under alternative assumptions to determine how sensitive they are to changing conditions. For example a business may expect to earn $ 1000, $2000 and $ 3000 (in case of IRR -10 %) in first three years of investment project plan. (Batra Verma, 2014). It means that if initial investment of $ 6000 is made then it will be recoup its expenses within three years. But if IRR is changed to 20 % due to market positive outlook then all the money will be recoup in less time and business will break even in shorter time period. IRR and NPV will be high if relative factors are positively influence the selected project plan and vice- versa (Lilburne Tarantola, 2009). On t he other hand Scenario analysis gives a particular fusion of assumption with a certain factors. In this analysis IRR and NPV may be different in different scenario. With the help of below illustration it could be said that in normal case NPV of the project would be moderate but in best case it would be increased by very high amount and at the same time if conditions are worst then it will be identified as loss making project. The purpose of scenario analysis is not to evaluate or identify the exact conditions or certain factors of opted project in capital budgeting but it just provides a guidance and prepare management for the all the conditions which could happen (Saxena, 2015). Factors Normal case Best case Worst case Yield - + 10 % - 20% Exchange rate - + 10 % - 10% Transportation cost - -5% +20% Marketing cost - -5% +20% Sales cost - + 10 % - 20% Sales price 1.03 1.05 1.00 Cash inflow 17 % 29 % 1 % NPV 1 2.2 -2.7 Risk in capital budgeting Capital budgeting is a financial tool which is related with making assumptions and estimates about the future performance. However, due to various factors these assumptions and estimates turn out to be wrong and project may depict negative results. For instance if IRR is considered to be 10 % in normal condition and due to worst conditions cost of capital is increased by 15% then IRR will also be increased at the same time. At the same time proposed NPV will also be affected if the same assumptions are changed due to uncertain market condition of the business. Therefore in order to mitigate risk in capital budgeting both analysis are very effective. This analysis depicts the actual impact on present value of cash inflow in case of 20% higher sales, base analysis and 20 % lower sales. With the help of both analyses it would be possible to indicate those variables to which NPV is most sensitive, and the extent to which these variables may be change in different particular situation. Besides, it is also helpful in capital budgeting to evaluate and control of all variables which might affect the NPV and IRR of the initial project investment plan. It is also observed that capital budgeting is very effective tools for determining the best project plan in certain business conditions. Sensitivity analysis and Scenario analysis provides a systematic plan to prepare managers to make changes accordingly if existing circumstances do not remains the same. CAPM model This model describes and establishes nexus between systematic risk and expected return for the identified assets (stocks, scriptures). Ideally investors use this CAPM model in order to evaluate time value of money and risk in their capital investment projects. The standard CAPM pricing model assist in determining the return which is required by the investors in particular risk undertaking venture. CAPM model helps in identifying the expected rate of return of security and portfolio. In simple words CAPM model provides that expected rate of return of a security match with rate on risk- free security plus a risk premium. Therefore if the given expected return does not meet the required rate of return then the investment project should not be undertaken. CAPM models takes into account following factors such as Ke (cost of capital) RF( return on government security) Rm ( Market risk) beta (related risk of the security with the changes in the market conditions) (Bornholt, 2013). The Risk free rate of return (Rf) is 4 % and beta of the same is 1.5 the expected market return over the period is 15 %. Therefore market risk premium would be 11% (15-4). After applying the formula (RF+ (RM-RF) B expected rate of return would be 20.5 %. This result is derived on the basis on assumption that all the investors are having homogenous expectation from the market. Capital market line It is the line that is used to depict the rate of return which is based on the risk free rate of return and particular level of risk (Standard deviation). This line helps investors to measure the risk with the use of calculation of standard deviation and helps investors to evaluate efficient and non- efficient portfolios. It is understood that capital market line is very effective tool to measure the risk associated with the particular scripts and portfolio. It is the efficient frontier including the possibilities of risk free lending and investing. It is found that CML does not consider that portfolios are well diversified but it considers both risks (systematic and unsystematic risk). However, when portfolio is well diversified then in that case only systemic risk will be taken into consideration in tangent line. Efficient frontier is the set of portfolio that offers the highest expected return with minimum risk. In simple words it could be said that CML is the line of efficient frontier portfolios which will provide high return with minimum level of risk. However, there are other line (CAPM, SML) which divulges all types of portfolio either efficient or non-efficient. This both lines provide clear idea about market portfolio, expected return, and beta coefficient (Zabarankin, et., al., 2014). Similarities between two models A line which is used in Capital Assets Price model is to describe the rate of return for efficient portfolios based on the risk free rate of return and standard deviation for portfolio. The CML is considered to be superior frontier as it takes into account only efficient portfolio. However, CAPM provides that the entire market portfolio is risk- free assets and efficient frontier (Dempsey, 2013). Both models provide a clear guidance to investors in graph format to assist investors to identify efficient frontier portfolio. In simple words it could be divulge that both are a measure of risk and return of script portfolio and allocate risk free assets in both equations. In addition, they also help in calculation of market return with the particular securities. SML manifests the role of CAPM in graph representation accompanied with set of unrealistic formula and use make graphical representation of CAMP formula. CML also based on assumption and depicts highly return showing portfolio based on given level of risk (Obrimah,et., al., 2015). Differences in two models (CAPM and CML model) Nature CAPM CML Presentation It is the graph representation of CAPM formula. It is efficient frontier risk free assets graphically present return and standard deviation with particular portfolio. Tangent It has systematic risk (Beta) on its X- axis. It has Total risk which is highly volatile on its X- axis. Assumption It is assumed that investors are well diversified and have systematic risk (Dempsey, 2013). It is considered that investors are unknown with market factors and it is better to evaluate systematic and unsystematic risk for better results. Risk factors In case of CAPM risk is shown as beta coefficient Risk is associated with the return of the portfolio and shown as sigma. It is also known as standard deviation. Portfolio assets It shows risk and return for individual assets ( Scriptures and stocks) It provides risk and return for group of assets e.g. portfolio of scriptures. Both above models are best evaluating tools for the investors to make investing decisions in scriptures and other stocks of the organizations. However, these models are used by different set investor as per their choice of actions based on several factors. Ideally it is assumed that CML model is very much useful for the investors who are less likely to take risk in their investment plans. References Batra, R. Verma, S. 2014, "An Empirical Insight into Different Stages of Capital Budgeting",Global Business Review,vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 339-362. Bornholt, G. 2013, "The Failure of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): An Update and Discussion: The Capital Asset Pricing Model",Abacus,vol. 49, pp. 36-43. Cai, C.X., Clacher, I. Keasey, K. 2013, "Consequences of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)a Critical and Broad Perspective",Abacus,vol. 49, no. S1, pp. 51-61 Crestaux, T., Le Ma?tre, O. Martinez, J. 2009, "Polynomial chaos expansion for sensitivity analysis",Reliability Engineering and System Safety,vol. 94, no. 7, pp. 1161-1172. Dempsey, M. 2013, "The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): The History of a Failed Revolutionary Idea in Finance?: The Capital Asset Pricing Model",Abacus,vol. 49, pp. 7-23. Erdmann, L. Hilty, L.M. 2010, "Scenario Analysis",Journal of Industrial Ecology,vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 826-843. Hornstein, A.S. 2013, "Corporate capital budgeting and CEO turnover",Journal of Corporate Finance,vol. 20, pp. 41-58. Lilburne, L. Tarantola, S. 2009, "Sensitivity analysis of spatial models",International Journal of Geographical Information Science,vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 151-168. Obrimah, O.A., Alabi, J. Ugo-Harry, B. 2015, "How Relevant Is the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) for Tests of Market Efficiency on the Nigerian Stock Exchange?: How Relevant Is the CAPM for Tests of Market Efficiency?",African Development Review,vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 262-273. Roper, A.H. Ruckes, M.E. 2012, "Intertemporal capital budgeting",Journal of Banking Finance,vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 2543. Saltelli, A. Annoni, P. 2010, "How to avoid a perfunctory sensitivity analysis",Environmental Modelling and Software,vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 1508-1517. Saxena, A.K. 2015, "Capital budgeting principles: bridging theory and practice",Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal,vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 283. Seitzinger, S.P., Mayorga, E., Bouwman, A.F., Kroeze, C., Beusen, A.H.W., Billen, G., cht, v., G, Dumont, E.L., Fekete, B.M., Garnier, J. Harrison, J. 2010, "Global River Nutrient Export: A Scenario Analysis of Past and Future Trends",Global Biogeochemical Cycles,vol. 24, pp. GB0A08-GB0A08. Tian, D. Jiang, L. 2015, "Quasiconvex risk statistics with scenario analysis",Mathematics and Financial Economics,vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 111-121. Tsanakas, A. Millossovich, P. 2016, "Sensitivity Analysis Using Risk Measures",Risk Analysis,vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 30-48. Zabarankin, M., Pavlikov, K. Uryasev, S. 2014, "Capital Asset Pricing Model with drawdown measure",European Journal of Operational Research,vol. 234, no. 2, pp. 508. Schmidt, M, 2014, Taking shots at CAPM, viewed at 6th Jan 2016, from, https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/09/capm-error-problem.asp

The Twentieth Century Workplace free essay sample

The Twenty-First Century Work Place Lite in the early twentieth century was provided by secure factory Jobs. The united states was an Industrial area filled with factories. People without much education could work In the factories and know their Jobs were safe. There was no schooling or special skills required. People worked In the factories and made enough money to support themselves and their families. Today, factories full of human workers are a rare thing In America. Most people now go to college to further their education and get more specialized Jobs. They believe in the luxuries their Jobs can provide and not he value of their work. Twentieth century work and the values that came with it are rarely seen in America today. Factories now no longer need as many workers to run them. Many peoples Jobs have been outsourced to machines and computers. Those factories and mills that stayed opened were able to spend their money on new technology. We will write a custom essay sample on The Twentieth Century Workplace or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mills that continued to operate were able to replace their workers with a new generation of nearly autonomous, computer- run machines (Davidson 320). Factory workers became obsolete to machines. One by one almost every worker was replaced by a fancy new computer system. In the early twentieth century, factory jobs were most peoples sources of income. The thought that these workers could ever be replaced by machines never entered peoples minds. They knew they had secure jobs at these factories. In an article written by Adam Davidson, a young girl Is close to losing her Job In a factory to a machine. Davidson points out, If she had been born In upstate South Carolina earlier In the twentieth century, her work life would have been far more secure (Davidson 320). People In the twenty-first century dont work In factories, they have more specialized or more socialized Jobs. Technology is eating Jobs (Kessler 331). Although outsourcing has almost rid factories of humans, offshoring has also had a hand in removing people from their Jobs. Business owners want to pay their workers the least amount they carn If workers overseas are willing to work for cheaper wages, then American factory jobs are going to be sent overseas. Today, many manufacturing jobs were offshored to China and India (Binder 329). People in China are willing to work for wages lower than Americans will. People in America need more money Just to survive. Not only have the actual Jobs changed, but the way people hink of the work world. Most people today believe that In order to be successful you must have a well-paying Job. It doesnt matter how much you move, as long as you get a nice check every week. In an article written by Richard Sennett, two men, a father and son, were shown as perfect examples of how the ideals of work have changed. The father worked one steady job for over twenty years. His work had one single and durable purpose, the service of the family (Sennett 307). He wanted his family to live a nice life and his son to go to college and move up the ladder In life. The son, however, did not agree with his father. He went to college and had a well-paying Job. His Job required him to move around a lot and make new friends every couple of years. He had Indeed rejected the way of his father (Sennett 309). Family didnt and healthy. People today do not have the same beliefs about work as they used to. They only care that they have enough money to live luxuriously. People who dont live luxurious lives and work in factories are Just waiting to see if they will keep their Jobs. Many Jobs have been replaced by machines and others have been sent overseas to cheaper labor. The world of work has changed dramatically.

The Beer Market in Spain Essay Example

The Beer Market in Spain Essay Group 6- Jennifer, Priya, Ricky and Barbara Beer market in Spain 1. Environmental Analysis: Porter’s 5 Forces: Buyer Power: Buyer power is relatively strong in the beer industry. The recent financial crisis showed us that buyers are price sensitive. Also, the presence of many different brands and products give buyers a lot of choice. Therefore, sellers must differentiate their products or offer very competitive prices to remain profitable. Supplier Power: Beer is made from malt, hops, water and yeast. These ingredients are relatively commoditised and are readily available . There are many suppliers offering generic products. Suppliers have relatively little bargaining power. Threat from new entrants/ Barriers to entry: The initial investment in beer production is large as plants and production technology are complex and take time to establish. Furthermore, establishing a brand identity and establishing relationships with retail outlets is time consuming and can be difficult. Because of the presence of a few market dominating firms, threat from new start-ups is small, except in niche markets. Therefore we can conclude that barriers to entry are moderate. Substitutes: The alcoholic beverage found to be the closest substitute to beer available on the market is cider. The cider industry is growing rapidly and it is becoming an increasingly popular choice among beer drinkers. Rivalry: The market leader in beer sales is Heineken, which holds 32% total volume share in 2010 (Euromonitor International, April 2011, page 3). This closely followed by Mahou with 30% total volume share. In this respect, the beer industry is not particularly competitive. However, amongst smaller brands competing for niche market share, there is fierce competition. . Who, What, How analysis: Functions or needs: Thirst, social needs, relaxation (WHAT) Customer Groups: (WHO) Teens adults Students, friends, families retirees Product varieties / Technologies: Premium Lager Beer, Standard Lager Beer, Non-alcoholic Beer, Light Beer (HOW) 3. Identification of key trends: Beer sales were affected by the 2008/09 financial crisis. Consumers decreased spending on going out and other leisure activities. Therefore on trade (drinking when out) fell by 7% in 2010 and off trade (staying in and drinking) rose by 1%. We will write a custom essay sample on The Beer Market in Spain specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Beer Market in Spain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Beer Market in Spain specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This follows the growing trend to stay in and socialise rather than going out to bars etc. The increase in price sensitivity of consumers has also contributed to an increase in supermarket and hypermarket market share for beer sales. Many Supermarkets and Hypermarkets have created their own beer labels that they offer at a discounted price to take advantage of this increased price sensitivity. However, the majority of sales are still ‘on trade’, due to the Mediterranean climate and the Spanish culture of going out for a drink, especially during the warmer months. Furthermore, 30% of beer sales in Spain are made by tourists. Beer sales levels are extremely sensitive to fluctuations in tourism. The economic crisis caused a decrease in the tourism industry, and thus in beer sales. In the south of Spain, lighter beers are more popular while in the North heavier beers with more body are more popular. Beer consumption in general is also strongly linked to the season, with more beer being consumed in warmer months. In 2010, the only beer product to achieve a total increase in sales growth was non-alcoholic beer. This could be the effect of an increase in health awareness and/or a reaction to stricter driving restrictions. Finally, the economic downturn has caused an increased demand for 330ml and 500ml canned beer relative to the traditional 330ml bottled variety. 4. Competition Analysis: Heineken is the market leader in beer sales, with 32% total volume sales in 2010. Second is Mahou, with 30%. However, in 2010, Heineken’s strategy to focus on premium lagers caused it to lose share, while Mahou’s standard lager and promotions focus caused them to gain market share. In third is Damm (Estrella, Voll, Xibeca Damm) with 12%. A large number of smaller labels share the remaining sales volume, with many of these brands focusing on niche product markets. To combat the sharp decrease in on-trade sales, major label have increased advertising to promote going out. For example Mahou introduced the ‘Get out the home! ’ campaign, offering small bottles of San Miguel or Mahou and a tapas dish for a low price. 5. Interpretation of results We conducted an online survey consisting of both multiple choice and short answer response questions designed to provide a level of quantitative and qualitative analysis. We received 20 responses to the survey, and 90% of these respondents selected ‘student’ in answer to the question ‘what best describes you? ’. 55% of respondents were male, 45% female. The combination of small sample size and a sample heavily skewed towards the student segment means that our research has not yielded result that are representative of the target population. However, we do believe that some of our findings are valuable to our analysis of the market. The survey revealed quality to be the most important influencing factor to our sample in choosing beer (48%). Following were price (32%) and brand (20%) and there were no votes for alcohol content. This indicates that the student segment looks for a quality beer that is reasonably priced and perhaps a recognisable or appealing brand. They do not necessarily drink beer just to get drunk. Our sample did not show a preference for the major Spanish beer labels, with 75% choosing ‘other’ as their preferred beer over Estrella, San Miguel and Heineken (the market leaders). This may be linked to the high percentage of international students completing the survey who prefer their native countries’ brands. As for where and when our sample consume beer, the responses were split between home and bars for location and showed preference for weekends and with friends for when and with whom. 40% of respondents drink beer 1-2 times a week. We can interpret these responses as showing a trend towards casual, social drinking. 100% of respondents indicated that they would not purchase a non-alcoholic beer and do not consider health factors when purchasing beer. This does not support the growth in market share of non-alcoholic beers. Interestingly, 42% of respondents did indicate that light beer was their preferred variety. This could be linked to female drinkers’ preference towards lighter, sweeter beverages. Our qualitative analysis revealed a recurrent theme in word associations the respondents made with beer consumption. Phrases such as ‘chilling with friends’, ‘relaxing on the weekend’ and ‘out with friends at a bar’ were most common. This supports our quantitative analysis that beer is consumed primarily in non-formal, social situations. 6. FCB Matrix [pic] 7. Decision-making Process Buying beer substantially is a low-involvement process since beer is not a very expensive product. We usually buy a certain brand of beer, try it for the first time, make evaluation on the product, then decide whether or not to buy it in the future. The low-involvement decision-making process in fact is a learning as mentioned. We decide whether or not to repeat the purchase by learning from the buying experience. The graph below depicts the â€Å"Think-Do-Feel† theory. This diagram below is an elaborated version of the simplified model above:[pic] 8a. Segmentation Variables Possible options from our questionnaire survey: (i) occupation (full-time worker, part-time worker, student) and age (ii) consumption rate (high, medium, low) and consumption situation (home, bar, restaurant) (iii) purchase driver (brand, price, quality) and consumption companion (family, friend, alone) All these options are chosen from the questions we set for our survey. However, we finally decide to use option (ii), i. e. consumption rate and consumption situation as the segmentation variables. We eliminate option (i) and (iii) because of these reasons. For option (i), we feel that the segment with certain kind of people with certain age will be too large for us to focus on in terms of marketing strategy. Different people in the same age with similar occupation may possess different attitudes towards beer. For option (iii), purchase drivers, i. e. the purchase tactics, change over time in different situations since it is a low-involved buying activity. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the precise opportunity to do marketing for a new kind of brand, hence very difficult to target a very special target. The graph below shows the variables we use for segmentation, as well as some definitions of the variables. [pic] 8b. Various Segments Identified Below are some photos depicted the segments identified, as well as description of each segment. [pic] 7c. Segment Selected[pic] Target Light Beer Drinker based on the following reasons: i) Highest potential growth rate: can easily shift to the right to have medium usage rate, which means higher consumption of beer. That brings more revenue. (ii) Sophisticated drinkers have much experience on beer, which means that new brands like us could be eliminated easily in their consideration sets. (iii) Sophisticated drinkers could be brand-loyal to certain brands, which make it hard to make them shift to our brand. However, the column â€Å"light beer drinker† still leaves us three options . As a new company, we could like to do concentrated marketing so that we put all our effort into one single segment. Therefore, we need to decide which segment we would like to get involved from the variable â€Å"usage situation†. We decide that from our survey based on the response and from other considerations including secondary research. [pic] However, the results of â€Å"bar† and â€Å"home† occupy the same percentage. Therefore, we made our decision based on both our qualitative research and secondary research. From â€Å"What activities, emotions or adjectives do you associate with drinking beer? †most respondents associate beer with socialising with friends and relaxing at home or at a bar. However the market trend is showing a growth in home beer consumption. 7d. Positioning We have defined the position strategy for light beer using positioning maps. Since our survey depicts that most beer drinkers do so for socializing in bars, we have zeroed in on price and quality as the preferred attributes (and not necessarily variety, as youngsters feel comfortable with any light beer that has a good taste and reasonable variety). We see that Light Beer ranks moderately high on quality and low on price (only more expensive than non-alcoholic beer). Hence our product is positioned as a moderately low priced Light Beer that ranks medium to high on quality. 8. Product Concept We came up with two different product concepts: a light and cheap beer to be consumed in bars and a light cheap beer to be consumed at home. Both beers are competitive from a price point of view but the beer that has to be consumed in bars should be in a glass bottle of 330ml whilst the beer addressed to the off-trade should be a 500ml glass bottle or can to push further the price competitiveness. We decided we will further develop the off-trade beer because it is more coherent with our qualitative research results and with the market trends. Furthermore the decision to target a niche market, such as home beer consumption, is a better decision for a firm just entering the market, and therefore not ready yet to compete with established beer firms on the open market. Appendices [pic] [pic]

Key Facts About the War on Drugs

Key Facts About the War on Drugs What Is the War on Drugs? The War on Drugs is a general term used to refer to the federal governments attempts to end the import, manufacture, sale, and use of illegal drugs. Its a colloquial term that does not refer in any meaningful way to a specific policy or objective, but rather to a series of anti-drug initiatives that are vaguely directed towards the common goal of ending drug abuse. Origin of the Phrase War on Drugs President Dwight D. Eisenhower began what The New York Times then called a new war on narcotic addiction at the local, national, and international level with the establishment of an Interdepartmental Committee on Narcotics on November 27, 1954, which was responsible for coordinating executive branch anti-drug efforts. The phrase War on Drugs first came into common use after President Richard Nixon used it at a press conference on June 17, 1971, during which he described illegal drugs as public enemy number one in the United States. Chronology of Federal Anti-drug Policy 1914: The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act regulates the distribution of narcotics (heroin and other opiates). Federal law enforcement will later incorrectly classify cocaine, a central nervous system stimulant, as a narcotic and regulate it under the same legislation.​1937: The Marijuana Tax Act extends federal restrictions to cover marijuana.1954: The Eisenhower administration takes a significant, albeit largely symbolic, step in establishing a U.S. Interdepartmental Committee on Narcotics.1970: The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 establishes federal anti-drug policy as we know it. Human Cost of the War on Drugs According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, 55% of federal prisoners and 21% of state-level prisoners are incarcerated on the basis of drug-related offenses. This means that over a half million people are presently incarcerated as a result of anti-drug laws- more than the population of Wyoming. The illegal drug trade also sustains gang activity, and is indirectly responsible for an unknown number of homicides. (The FBIs Uniform Crime Reports describe 4% of homicides as being directly attributable to the illegal drug trade, but it plays an indirect role in a much larger percentage of homicides.) Monetary Cost of the War on Drugs According to the White Houses National Drug Control Strategy Budgets, as cited in Action Americas Drug War Cost Clock, the federal government alone is projected to spend over $22 billion on the War on Drugs in 2009. State spending totals are harder to isolate, but Action America cites a 1998 Columbia University study which found that states spent over $30 billion on drug law enforcement during that year. Constitutionality of the War on Drugs The federal governments authority to prosecute drug-related offenses theoretically stems from Article Is Commerce Clause, which grants Congress the authority to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes- but federal law enforcement targets drug offenders even when the illegal substance is manufactured and distributed only within state lines. Public Opinion Regarding the War on Drugs According to an October 2008 Zogby poll of likely voters, 76% describe the War on Drugs as a failure. In 2009, the Obama administration announced that it would no longer use the phrase War on Drugs to refer to federal anti-drug efforts, the first administration in 40 years not to do so.

File Sharing and Burning CDs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

File Sharing and Burning CDs - Essay Example He is now known as the media man. All the videos and movies in our circle of friends come from him. He writes freeware software for us, whenever we need any and then posts them to us. He has all the latest movies and videos that we could want. He however became very possessive about his computer system and didn’t allow others to enter without his permission. Once I tried to log on to his computer without his permission and there was an outbreak from him. He was really upset and called it ‘invasion of privacy’. I however apologized and explained that it was totally unintentional. This experienced opened up a new world of computers for me. Prior to this experience I had always considered computers as a tool which was used to perform work. The closeness that my cousin felt towards his computer created intrigue towards this feeling. I wanted to learn and understand this feeling. The first step was setting up a personal computer which was similar to my cousin’s, only less powerful. Using a fast internet connection I downloaded some movie and share them using torrents. It was indeed a magical experience. There were thousands of people who downloaded from my link and gave thank you notes. Some of them went ahead and asked for other movies which they really wanted to watch. I was flattered this experience gave me an insight into the personal side of file sharing. This practice does not only give you sense of purpose but also gives great joy. The reason for people to engage in this practice is indeed different for different people. Some share file just to earn money through advertisement. This is a hefty amount and many take it up as a full time job. Others however find it joyful to be of service to other and to be liked. It all depends on the psychological contract of individuals. The feeling of sharing and finding a connection with thousands of people all around the world is indeed priceless. Many people find it