Treatment Of Transgendes - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1698 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Transgender Essay Did you like this example? The identity that an individual holds has many layers, one very important layer is gender. One can define their own gender identity in a way that is cohesive with the sex that they were assigned at birth or they can be Transgender (Trans*). A person who is Trans* identifies as a gender that does not correspond to what they were assigned at birth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Treatment Of Transgendes" essay for you Create order What does this mean? It means that humans can identify with a gender that matches the sex that they are, but they can also identify as the opposite sex, as both, or as neither. Gender can be considered fluid in the sense that it can take the form of whatever the person identifies. Trans* individuals usually, but not always, undergo a process of transitioning from one gender to the other either naturally or medically. A medical transition requires psychiatric evaluations, hormone therapy, and surgeries to change the persons outside appearance to match their inner identity. One can chose to complete all of the steps, some of the steps, or none of them. If a Trans* person decides that they do not want to medically transition, they typically go through a natural transition. This would mean for a female-to-male Trans* person, they would allow their body hair to grow and they might cut their hair. For a male-to-female Trans* person, they might grow their hair out and remove all of their body hair. The purpose of a natural transition is to take on as many physical characteristics of the identified gender as possible, without the help of hormones or surgery. What should matter most to Trans* people is their own happiness with themselves, but what the society and culture in which they live is highly significant as well. It is the culture and society that creates the rules, norms, and regulations that control how Trans* people are seen, treated, what rights they have, what rights are protected, and so much more (Tishelman, 2015). From America, to India, Austral ia, and Nepal, this essay will dive into these different cultures, examining how Trans* people live and are treated all over the world. In the United States, there has been an increase in the amount of people who openly identify as Transgender. With the help of various media outlets, including social media sites, Trans* people can and have become more visible to the U.S. society as a whole. Thanks to social media, these people have also been given a safe place to connect to other Trans* people and create a supportive social foundation. The growth in awareness of these individuals has also brought with it support from educators, mental health professionals, and more. The increase in support has also encouraged more people to come out as Trans*, adding to more awareness, creating an upward spiral. Having a lack of support in a Transgender individuals life can have a negative influence on whether or not they express their gender identity in the first place (Dentato, 2014, p.497). The increased awareness of the Transgender community has not only brought on positive support, it has also increased the amount of hate that is expressed towards Trans* individuals, also known as Transphobia. This has unfortunately not only gotten larger in the public population, but the U.S. Government has more recently had a negative effect on the lives of Transgender people. The Trans* community had thought that they had made great strides towards equality, especially when President Obama mentioned Transgender people in his State of the Union address in 2015; something no other president has ever done. The progress that Trans* individuals have made has come to a sudden halt, and one could even say has taken some steps backwards, as the Trump administration has created laws that prevent openly Trans* people from serving in the United States military. Along with that, there has a bill proposed that has expanded to twelve different states known as the bathroom bill. This bill would b ar transgender individuals from being able to use the bathroom that aligns with their gender identity by requiring that all persons must use the bathroom that matches their assigned birth sex listed on their birth certificate (Parent, 2018, p. 403). This would apply to bathrooms, locker rooms, fitting rooms, and others. The passing of this bill, and others like it is not only devisistating for those in the Transgender community, it is also incredibly unsafe for them both in their health and in their public lives. In the states where these bills are under review, it has been found that the Trans* people who live there eat and drink less and have more urinary tract infections due to not using the restroom because they are too scared or anxious. When Trans* people are forced into using the restroom that matches their biological sex, it puts them at an increased risk for sexual, verbal, and physical assault. Not only that, but the growth in anxiety over the issue can also be linked to an increase in Trans* suicide rates (Parent, 2018). Anti-transgender laws also send a message to the public saying that being Transgender is taboo and wrong, also increasing the amount of hate and violence towards the Trans* community. Overall, the Un ited States has come a long way with Transgender rights, but it is far from equality. In Western societies, like the United States, legal gender is typically binary, male and female. In the East, some countries such as India, are far less black and white when it comes to gender identity and expression. Indian culture differs markedly from the United States in terms of fundamental conceptualizations of gender [] and [Indian] law recognize a third gender, which finds it most visible representation in its hijras (Elischberger, 2017, p. 143). Although India has legally accepted a third gender, there is still a negative stigma that is socially attached to it. Because of this, Indian people who identify with this third gender experience much of the same kinds of hate that American Trans* people do. Transgender Indians, or hijras, are believed to account for five to six million people (Sharma, 2012) and are often linked to lower class sex workers, which is not always the case. This association creates a poor image for the hijras and leads to greater instances of violence and discrimination towards them, leading them to live in small communities or large homes together (Elischberger, 2017). India may differ from the United States in the fact that their government legally recognizes a third gender, but the societal oppression is consistent between the two countries. Another Eastern country, close to India both geographically and legislatively when it comes to gender, is Nepal. The Nepali government is truly similar to the government of India with their ideas about gender because in 2007, the Nepali government passed laws protecting their LGBT community and creating a legal third gender (Bista, 2012). Many Transgender people in Nepal are actually more marginalized than what their government might suggest. Much like in India, these legal protections have not made much of a difference when it comes to discrimination in the public (Boyce, 2013). In Nepali society, gender is closely bound to sexuallity. If someone is non-conforming with their gender identity, then they are given the charge of sexual immorality (Johnson, 2000, p. 370) and are highly discriminated against and often disowned from their family. This, of course, leads to an increase in violence towards people who identify with this third gender. There may be laws in place that recognize a nd protect Transgender people in Nepal, but actions are not taken to ensure that these laws are followed and that these people are kept safe. It is not only in the Eastern countries where there has been an incredible progression for the Transgender community. The Western country Australia has made great strides towards recognizing and protecting Trans* rights. It is now easier for Trans* individuals to obtain passports with any gender that they identify with; male, female, or neither male nor female (Sharma, 2012). The Sex Discrimination Amendment Act 2013 ensured protection for any and every gender, regardless of what sex was listed on their birth certificate and without any medical intervention. Further to this, in March, 2014 the Australian Capital Territory Government passed an amendment to the Birth Certificates Law allowing individuals to change the sex listed on their birth certificate, as well as adding a third category ?x (Smith, 2014, p. 16). There has also been a push to change Medicare policies to assist in decreasing the amount of discrimination that occurs in healthcare (Jones, 2016). Australia is much li ke India, America, and Nepal in the way that the government has set laws to protect Transgender people, but they are not always followed by their society. Violence and discrimination are still abundantly common. Trans* allies and advocates in Australia are working against the negative stigmas that have been placed on the Transgender community by creating campaigns that shed positive light on gender diversity. The idea is to show the public that Trans* people are more like them than they think, and there is no reason to be afraid of or angry at people who are different (Smith, 2014). Overall, there are not as many differences between the Eastern and Western treatment of Transgender individuals that one might expect. There is a definite commonality between the cultures of the United States, India, Nepal, and Australia. The common theme that can be gathered from each country is that their governments have made great progress in Trans* rights, but the societies have fallen behind in their treatment of Trans* individuals. The one exception, and more surprising of it all, is the regression that is being experienced in America. Yes, great strides have been made there like there as been in the other countries, but due to more recent changes in legislation, Transgender rights are actually being threatened. It is not only societal discrimination that is hurting Trans* people in America, it is also their government. Transgender people in the United States could benefit from the government following in the footsteps of the governments of India, Nepal, and Australia. Transge nder people of the world would benefit even more, if the societies surrounding them could stop the violence and discrimination and see that it is alright for these people to be different.

The Presidential Election Of 1972 Essay - 3045 Words

The Presidential Election of 1972 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Presidential election of 1972 had two strong candidates, President Richard Nixon and George McGovern. There were many issues which had a great deal of importance to the election. The Vietnam war and the stability of the economy at the time were two main factors. The election ended in one the largest political scandals in U.S. history, being the Watergate break-in, and cover-up, by President Richard Nixon. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Democratic party had a large selection of candidates from which to choose for the primary elections of 1972. There were many well known candidates who entered the race for the nomination. The leading contenders were Edmund S. Muskie of†¦show more content†¦But McGovern won all of Californias giant delegation, and beat Humphrey 44.3% to 39.1% in the popular vote.quot;5 That loss spelled out the end for Humphreys Democratic nomination. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many felt Edmund Muskie was sure to win the Democratic nomination for the election of 1972. quot;All political observers agreed on the certainty that Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine would be the Democratic partys nominee.quot;1 quot;As the front-runner, he wanted to snare the nomination early and so was committed to running in all of the first eight presidential primaries. Prominent Democratic politicians lined up eagerly to endorse him. Among them: Gov. John Gilligan of Ohio; Leonard Woodcock, President of the United Auto Workers; Iowa Senator Harold Hughes; and Pennsylvania Governor Milton Shapp.quot;1 Muskie had many supporters, and a good chance of receiving the nomination, perhaps even becoming the next President of the United States. President Nixon knew that Muskie had a good chance of winning and felt he had to do something to get Muskie out of the race. Nixon had seven men who were loyal to him make up false press releases about Muskie, and his wife. These press releases claimed that Muskie had had affairs with both men and women, that he beat his wife, and then the topper which claimed that Muskies wife was an alcoholic. These false statements destroyed Muskies campaign and reputation of being a calm trustworthy candidate. Then one dayShow MoreRelatedThe Presidential Election of 19723173 Words   |  13 PagesThe Presidential Election of 1972 The Presidential election of 1972 had two strong candidates, President Richard Nixon and George McGovern. There were many issues which had a great deal of importance to the election. The Vietnam war and the stability of the economy at the time were two main factors. The election ended in one the largest political scandals in U.S. history, being the Watergate break-in, and cover-up, by President Richard Nixon. The Democratic party had a large selection of candidatesRead MoreThe 1972 Presidential Election Essay1967 Words   |  8 PagesThe 1972 Presidential Election The election of 1972 was one of the largest landslide victories by a presidential candidate in United States history. President Nixon was reelected to the presidency by beating Senator George McGovern of South Dakota in an impressive victory. The Nixon landslide victory tied FDR’s 60.8 percent of the popular vote in 1936 for the second largest popular vote get in American history. Nixon’s 60.8 percent of the vote compared to McGovern’s 37.6 percent, a differenceRead MoreJose Rizal Biography and Family Tree Chart1463 Words   |  6 PagesJan., 1970, some 2,000 demonstrators tried to storm Malacaà ±ang Palace, the presidential residence; riots erupted against the U.S. embassy. When Pope Paul VI visited Manila, an attempt was made on his life. 1971, at a Liberal party rally, hand grenades were thrown at the speakers’ platform, and several people were killed. Sept., 1972 President Marcos declared martial law in,charging that a Communist rebellion threatened. 1973 - The 1935 constitution wasRead MoreEssay on Fear and Loathing on The Campaign Trail689 Words   |  3 Pagescoverage of the presidential elections in 1972. These elections were between the incumbent Republican, President Richard Nixon and the Senator from South Dakota, George McGovern. The election of 1972 saw McGovern come out of the democratic National Convention over Senators Muskie and Humphrey but only to lose to the incumbent president Richard Nixon. Hunter S. Thompson writes about the Election of 1972 from December 1971, before any primaries, to December 1972 after Nixon has won the election. It is a truthfulRead MoreThe Impact of the Watergate Scandal 1366 Words   |  6 Pagesactually realize their government is an opaque mask of deception. The Watergate Scandal substantially impacted Americans’ trust in their government. The years leading up to the 1972 election were filled with new political tactics. Going into the election year, President Nixon seemed like he could never lose the second term election after successfully negotiating with Vietnam, Beijing, and Russia to improve international relations (Emery 4). Raising international toughness made Nixon seem like the mostRead MorePresidential Debate Over Presidential Debates947 Words   |  4 PagesWith the 2016 election in full throttle, Kennedy and Nixon’s presidential debates of 1960 are still very much a part of American democracy. Televised presidential debates have become a backbone in an American election. Although these debates are now considered a norm in American politics, this has not always the case. Even after the first time a presidential debate was held between presidential candidates from across the aisle, it took another 16 years for another debate to occur. It is highly doubtfulRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 2016 Essa y1169 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican presidential election of 2016 was a few weeks ago, many are scratching their heads following the outcome result. Many, including myself are, asking the question who voted to bring Trump into office? No the better question is who did not vote to keep Trump out of the office. This must have been the same feelings and questions people had in the election of 1968 with Nixon, as the options they were left with to choose was not one of which many were enthused about. Richard Milhous Nixon bornRead MoreNixon s Presidency A Period Wrought With Scandal1457 Words   |  6 PagesNixon’s presidency—a period wrought with scandal. The most well-known of these, Watergate, a complex web of deceit, has become a political term synonymous with corruption and crime. Afraid of possible defeat in the 1972 election, Nixon and his republican associates sanctioned underhanded, illegal, acts, namely a break-in at the Democratic Party national headquarters at the Watergate complex. The break-in failed and the story was revealed to the public, despite the Nixon administration’s attemptsRead MoreThe Watergate Scandal1543 Words   |  7 Pagesgovernment. Consequently, the American people became extremely hesitant when it came to electing officials into office. Despite his loss to JFK in the 1960 presidential election, in 1968, Richard M. Nixon was elected as the thirty-seventh president of the United States. He was praised by many for his comeback after previously losing an election and seemed to be an admirable man. While in office, Nixon made many achievements and followed through with all of his promises made during his campaign. ForRead MoreRichard Milhous Nixon, 37Th President Of The United States,1505 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1950, Nixon was chosen as a candidate for the US Senate from California by the Republicans. Again, he won this election by linking his opponent to being pro-Communist. Nixon was selected to be the runn ing mate of the Republican presidential nomination, General Eisenhower, in 1952. Many of Eisenhowers advisors wanted Nixon to resign his candidacy shortly after his vice-presidential nomination because of accusations that he misused his senator expenses fund. No evidence was found to prove this,

Financial Crisis Of 2008 Essay - 956 Words

With the Financial Crisis of 2008, many governments and regulators were forced to relook at their regulatory policies taking into consideration the innovations that the financial services world is continuously subject to. In European Markets particularly, the market was fragmented as well as the regulations were limited in scope. This called out for the need of MiFID II, which not only widens the scope of directive, but also addresses the issues which came out during the crisis. Given the directive, the global investment research industry is on the cusp of major disruption. While a plethora of issues confront both the buy- and sell-sides in the lead up to the implementation in January 2018, pricing appears to remain the key area of concern†¦show more content†¦With the MiFID II regulations to go-live shortly and a largely negative outlook for major sell-side players on the horizon, brokers will need to make bold decisions around their future business models. II. Introduction European Union (EU) observed Investment Services Directive from 1993 to protect its investors. However, with technological disruptions taking place, the directive became irrelevant. Hence, under circumstances of growing competition, EU came out with Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) in 2004 to improve its competitiveness. The regulations, implemented in 2007, sought to create a single market for investment services and activities to ensure a high degree of harmonised protection for investors in financial instruments. Yet, the shortcomings of MiFID became evident during the financial crisis of 2008. To improve these weaknesses inherent in the MiFID structure, MiFID II was introduced to increase transparency in the system. While MiFID was focused on opening up markets to greater competition, MiFID II seeks to improve the business practices, and bring trading activities on to a transparent and organised trading venue. In doing so, MiFID II seeks to directly address major shortcomings that precipitated during the financial crisis, such as opacity in derivatives and other over-the-counter markets. One of the guidelines of MiFID II states that investment firmsShow MoreRelatedThe 2008 Financial Crisis Essay2289 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In 2008, the world experienced a tremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. 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Concepts of Marketing and Advertising †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Concepts of Marketing and Advertising. Answer: Introduction to the Main Concepts Marketingis the process of designing, promotion and distributing the products as per the need of the customers (Armstrong, 2012).Marketing also focuses on creating product image, creating target market and generating competitive advantage through various marketing activities like branding, promotion, varied distribution channels etc. (Baines, 2013). Branding is one of the most important tools of marketing through which companies try to create competitive advantage (Scholz, 2014). Brand is any differentiating feature like colour, tagline, logo or a name which creates an instant image of the product in the customers mind (Jones, 2012). Banding leads to recall and loyalty and hence, leads to competitive advantage. Companies are using various methods to create a good brand image (Jurisic Azevedo, 2011). Both online and offline mediums like online advertising, web marketing and television commercials are used by firms to brand their products (Sksjrvi Samiee, 2011). Basic aim of branding is to create awareness, long term relationship and competitive advantage. Advertising has been an old and trusted method of creating brand image (Kotler Lane, 2013). Many companies are trying new and innovative mediums of advertising to create brand image like brand endorsements, cartoon characters and animations (Sharma, 2012) However, with the advent of online media, the focus of marketers is shifting towards the use of online methods to create brand awareness (Simmons, et al., 2010). The increase in online activities has led to this change in the attitude towards branding (Ho-Dac., et al., 2013). Both the selected cases discuss branding and generation of competitive advantage with help new advertising strategies like online media and innovative advertising. Introduction to the Cases Purpose of branding is to create customer loyalty and product recall (Smith, et al., 2010). Brand message can be sent across with the help of television advertising, print media, sponsorships etc. (Kapferer, 2012). The first case relates to delivering of brand message by McDonalds via their website. The selected cases deal with the new age interest of marketers in the digital medium and the success of McDonalds in creating brand image through the use of web based media in UK (Rowley, 2004). The case focuses on UK business in particular and talks of the I am loving it campaign which was broadly propagated through the online media by McDonalds. The second case deals with new and innovative advertising strategy by Vodafone, UK based multinational cellular network provider. This case analyses Vodafones creative advertisement strategy to create competitive advantage (Roy Das, 2011) In particular the case discusses Vodafones Zoozoo campaign and its effectiveness (Roy Das, 2011). The case elaborates on use of this campaign by the UK based company to establish a brand name in emerging Indian markets (Vodafone , 2017). The Zoozoo campaign has been a great marketing success for the company and it successfully established the company in the new markets. Evidence of Marketing Related Success of the Two Cases In case of McDonalds the case study assesses the online branding attempts of the fast food chain in the UK. Online media is considered to be extremely powerful because it has a huge reach and also reduces the search cost of the customer (Chi, 2011 ) This is also a reason why online brand recall is considered to be high by marketers. For a company like McDonalds, service delivery has to be through the face to face medium; however, the internet has provided a potent tool to the firm to generate more awareness about products and product variation (Charlesworth, 2011). McDonalds has created a huge buzz through its online Ad campaign I am loving it (McDonald's, 2017). This tagline focused on family entertainment and family get together which appealed to youth. This tagline has become a favourite of the customer and has created an edge for McDonalds over its near competitors in the UK fast food market. Online branding campaign of McDonalds in the UK took care of all the major branding strategies like logo, graphics and text (Rowley, 2004). The golden arches logo with I am loving it written at the bottom is visible on the website home page of the company. The visibility of the logo made it more and more powerful and gave larger competitive advantage due to instant customer recall generated by it (Rowley, 2004). McDonalds also used inviting pictures of menu and price variations to attract more customers. The variety in the menu also gave the company a competitive advantage. McDonalds used both online promotions and online information to invite customers to write reviews and feedback (McDonald's, 2017). This created customer relationship and gave the company an edge over the competitors Vodafone is a UK based cellular network provider which is present globally (Vodafone , 2017). The case deals with marketing campaign of the company in the emerging markets of India which gave it huge success and made it a leading cellular network provider worldwide (Okyere, 2011). Advertising has always been an important tool for marketers to send a mass message. However, in the current era of globalisation customers get varied messages from many companies pertaining to their products (Armstrong, 2012). Therefore, a need was felt by Vodafone to come up with a unique and innovative advertising campaign to create a positive brand image for the UK based firm in the new market. As Vodafone was a new entrant in the market it had the task of creating its own entity (Roy Das, 2011). The company came up with a unique imaginary persona for itself so that people could associate with the brand, known as Zoozoos (Roy Das, 2011). Zoozoos were white imaginary creatures and became an instant hit with customers giving a grand size brand recall to the firm. Zoozoos were instantly recognised as Vodafone brand creations and hence the company successfully entered the market and generated a competitive advantage for itself (Sharma, 2012). A story was told in the Ad which was enacted by the Zoozoos. This also created brand and product feature awareness in an entertaining way giving access for market penetration to Vodafone (Roy Das, 2011). This unique advertisement also listed various offers which would suit the customers of varied demographics (Roy Das, 2011). Through this unique advertising strategy Vodafone was able to outdo the competitor in Ad wars as their Ads became very popular with the customer. Achievement of Marketing Success by the Two Organisations Aim of marketing is to deliver, design and promote the product in a suitable way (Armstrong, 2012). Promotions are a very important aspect of marketing. It is through promotions that the firm generates awareness about the products (Baines, 2013). Through its online Ad campaign and promotion through the tagline I am loving it McDonalds has been able to generate mass awareness about various menu items within UK. It has also been able to generate differentiation through different flavours and price ranges (McDonald's, 2017). I am loving it campaign together with the online Ads, graphics and text has helped in improving customer relationship and loyalty (Rowley, 2004). Customer relationship is very important for any firm as it creates loyal customers and leads to competitive advantage (Baines, 2013). Through its online campaign McDonalds has been able to reinforce the family values of togetherness and joint entertainment which has appealed to the youth leading to an edge over the competi tor (Rowley, 2004). Therefore, this campaign has successfully created brand awareness in the UK markets. In case of UK based Vodafone, it had a challenging task to generate product and brand awareness in a new market (Vodafone , 2017). Therefore, the firm needed unique advertising methods to penetrate the customers mind (Armstrong, 2012). Their frequent Zoozoo ads, which were entertaining and informative, created the Vodafone brand awareness. Vodafone needed a good advertising campaign which would help in outdoing the competitors in the market. The markets were overflowing with Ads by other cellular network providers and Vodafone needed to do something innovative to create a lasting impression on the audiences (Roy Das, 2011). This campaign helped in creating buzz for the company product and helped in spreading mass awareness about the brand and its offers. Therefore, though an innovative Ad campaign the company achieved its target of market entry and succeeded in creating a positive brand image; hence, generating competitive advantage for the firm. Conclusion Promotions are an important tool of marketing and in the new age of globalisation and expanding markets companies need innovative Ad campaigns to generate mass awareness and brand image. McDonalds used online campaigning in the UK to reinforce its brand values and to penetrate the customers mind. At the same time, Vodafone used innovative and entertaining Ad campaign to generate brand image outside of its home base. Both the cases give a good example of how innovative and new age promotions can create brand image for the organisation and help the firm in creating competitive advantage. Both these success stories highlight that organisations need to think in a new and an innovative way to improve their brand image and emerge a success in the global competitive sphere. References Armstrong, G., (2012) Marketing: An Introduction. New Delhi: Pearson Education. Baines, P., (2013) Essentials of Marketing. Oxford: Oxford University Press . Charlesworth, A., (2011) Internet Marketing: a practical approach. New York: Routledge. Chi, H., (2011 ) . Interactive digital advertising vs. virtual brand community: Exploratory study of user motivation and social media marketing responses in Taiwan. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 12(1), pp. 44-61. Ho-Dac., Carson, S. Moore, W., (2013) The effects of positive and negative online customer reviews: do brand strength and category maturity matter?.. Journal of Marketing., 77(6), pp. 37-53. Jones, R., (2012) Five ways branding is changing. Journal of Brand Management, 20(2), pp. 77-79. Jurisic, B. Azevedo, A., (2011) Building customerbrand relationships in the mobile communications market: The role of brand tribalism and brand reputation. Journal of Brand Management, 18(4), pp. 349-366. Kapferer, J.-N., (2012) The New Strategic Brand Management: Advanced Insights and Strategic Thinking. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Kotler, P. Lane, K., (2013) A Framework for Marketing Managemen. Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall. McDonald's, (2017) About us. [Online] Available at: www.mcdonalds.co.uk[Accessed 30 July 2017]. Okyere, N., (2011) Agyapong, G.K. and Nyarku, K.M., 2011. The effect of marketing communications on the sales performance of Ghana Telecom (Vodafone, Ghana). International Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(4), p. 50. Rowley, J., (2004) Online branding: the case of McDonald's. British Food Journal, 106(3), pp. 228-237. Roy, A. Das, S. D., (2011) Zenth International Journal of Business Economics Management Research, 2(1), pp. 7-11. Sksjrvi, M. Samiee, S., (2011) Relationships among brand identity, brand image and brand preference: differences between cyber and extension retail brands over time. Journal of interactive marketing, 25(3), pp. 169-177. Scholz, L., (2014) Brand Management and Marketing of Luxury Goods. Humburg: Anchor Academic Publishing. Sharma, P., (2012) Advertising effectiveness:" understanding the value of creativity in advertising", a review study in India. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 2(3), p. 1. Simmons, G., Thomas, B. Truong, Y., (2010) Managing i-branding to create brand equity.. European Journal of Marketing, 44(9/10), pp. 1260-1285. Smith, K., Smith Wang, (2010) Does brand management of corporate reputation translate into higher market value?. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 3(201-221), p. 18. Vodafone , (2017) Vodafone. [Online] Available at: www.vodafone.co.uk[Accessed 31 jo;y 2017].